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Params: post, 309363, a:51:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"http://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-79bda3c74795cd3ce305be839e8e704a_is.jpg";}}i:1;s:269:" 科学辟谣,专业狙击网络谣言,深入报道科学进展,多角度挖掘热点事件。
虽然目前对于新冠病毒在体外的存活时间并无统一说法,但数字的精确性不是最重要的,关键是我们如何用它指导日常防护。
";i:2;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0f6bd624d096190529e2d84766b3b52c_b.jpg";}}i:3;s:57:"
新冠病毒在含纤维的多孔材质中不易存活
";i:4;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:46:"作者 | 徐斯佳 日本京都大学医学院";}}i:5;s:462:"
疫情还没有完全过去,出门在外,很多人对物体表面可能带毒的担心也如影随形,开门只用胳膊肘推,地铁上要不要抓扶手内心也要斗争一番。也有人大大咧咧,一切如常。究竟新冠病毒通过物品传染的风险有多大?
一项最新研究表明,在金属铜表面,病毒可存活 4 小时;不锈钢表面,延长至 2 天;塑料表面,竟然超过 3 天。这意味着什么呢?
";i:6;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:45:"不同材质表面,病毒存活能力不同";}}}}i:7;s:47:"
新冠病毒已被证实的传播途径包括";i:8;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"飞沫传播";}}i:9;s:69:"(吸入感染者打喷嚏、咳嗽、说话时喷出的飞沫)、";i:10;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"接触传播";}}i:11;s:102:"(接触被感染者飞沫污染的物体表面,再触摸自己的眼鼻口等粘膜组织)以及";i:12;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"气溶胶传播";}}i:13;s:388:"(病毒混合在肉眼看不见的微小飞沫中,在空气中停留,后被吸入)。
避免与他人密切接触、正确佩戴口罩,可以有效预防飞沫传播。但专家提醒应对接触传播和气溶胶传播保持警惕。
气溶胶直径小于 10 微米,能在空气中悬浮半小时以上,还可以落下来留在物体表面,造成传染性的延续。
";i:14;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-a3ee7272635dcabf84564c353fdd6357_b.jpg";}}i:15;s:523:"
气溶胶、飞沫及污染的物品 | coryharow.wordpress.com
这种延续作用有多强,和病毒在物体表面保持活性的能力有关。
一项发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的最新研究表明,在不同材质的表面,病毒存活的时间不同。
研究模拟了感染者咳嗽(气溶胶)、触摸不同物体(铜、硬纸板、不锈钢和塑料)时,新冠病毒的存活情况。
结果,在长达 3 小时的气溶胶观察中,始终能检测到存活的新冠病毒。
";i:16;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:181:"这些病毒在铜表面仅可存活 4 个小时;在硬纸板上的存活记录为 24 小时;在不锈钢表面为 2 天,而在塑料表面 3 天内都有活性病毒检出。";}}i:17;s:2:"
";i:18;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-37097eaac4954665dbbbf270119bb7fc_b.jpg";}}i:19;s:613:"
新冠病毒在不同表面(铜把手、纸箱、不锈钢门、塑料座椅)的存活时间不尽相同 |作者供图
这并不奇怪:
铜是天然具有抗微生物特性的金属。铜离子与空气中的水分起化学反应后能产生对病毒的蛋白质外壳和内部核酸都具有破坏作用的自由基。
硬纸板质地疏松,所含的纤维能吸收环境中的水分,导致病毒外壳干涸,可能是病毒存活时间较短的原因之一。
在塑料和不锈钢等坚硬光滑的无孔材料表面,病毒更容易保留水分,因此结构和活性维持得也更久。
";i:20;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0f6bd624d096190529e2d84766b3b52c_b.jpg";}}i:21;s:75:"
含纤维的多孔材料,更容易令病毒表面干涸 | 作者供图
";i:22;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:45:"实际传染性大小,还要看病毒浓度";}}}}i:23;s:127:"
不过,并不是病毒能够存活,就能传播。其实际传染性大小,还要看病毒的浓度。
简单来说,";i:24;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:66:"在无生命的物体表面,活病毒数量下降得比较快。";}}i:25;s:490:"
在硬纸板上,活病毒数量减少一半的中位时间不足 4 小时(即平均不到 4 小时,病毒浓度就会减半),而在不锈钢和塑料表面,分别为 5.6 和 6.8 小时。
这意味着正常情况下快递包裹上的病毒量不会太多,我们在地铁上也不必如坐针毡。
但我们并不知道快递员处理包裹时是否曾不加遮掩地咳嗽或打喷嚏,也无从知晓各种把手、电梯按钮多久前被感染者触摸过,因此,";i:26;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:87:"勤洗手、对接触过多人的物品进行消毒,是非常重要的防护措施。";}}i:27;s:26:"
另外,研究发现,";i:28;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:66:"封闭环境下,气溶胶里活病毒的数量下降得很慢。";}}i:29;s:158:"
病毒浓度越大导致感染的风险也越高,至于具体是多少,目前并没有明确的结论。因此,专家呼吁大家做好室内通风,";i:30;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:69:"空气流通能降低气溶胶的病毒浓度,降低感染风险。";}}i:31;s:2:"
";i:32;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:57:"该研究还对比了新冠病毒与 SARS 病毒的差异";}}i:33;s:322:"。
结果表明,除了在硬纸板上新冠病毒的存活期更长(24 小时,而 SARS 病毒最长存活 8 小时),在其他物体表面,两种病毒的稳定性很接近。造成两者传播规模的差异可能另有其因。
此外,在感染的不同阶段,患者传染别人的能力也不相同。";i:34;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:63:"发病早期,新冠病毒患者上呼吸道病毒载量更高";}}i:35;s:329:",许多无症状患者中检测到的病毒载量与有症状患者相似。而 SARS 患者呼吸道的病毒载量是中度的,在症状出现后约 10 天时,病毒载量才达到峰值。
这意味着 SARS 病毒在患者发病的几天后传播力更强,而新冠病毒则具备早期传播的潜力,更狡猾。
";i:36;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:48:"研究尚不全面,但现有对策值得坚持";}}}}i:37;s:152:"
总体而言,研究结果支持了新冠病毒气溶胶传播和污染物接触传播的合理性,肯定了现有的公共卫生防控措施。但";i:38;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"尚有很多材料未能一一验证";}}i:39;s:528:",如衣物、橡胶、玻璃、木材等。这都是我们日常会接触到的材质。
另外由于实验条件不同,新冠病毒究竟能在人体外存活多久,目前其实并没有统一的说法。温度、湿度、日照等都可能影响病毒寿命。
例如,之前有研究称,病毒能在金属把手上存活 9 天,而如果处在低温环境,甚至可达 28 天。
实际上,数字的精确性也并不是最重要的。关键是我们如何用它指导日常防护。
各项数据均指出:";i:40;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:138:"新冠病毒在光滑无孔的物体表面存活时间更长,与之对应的,能破坏其结构稳定性的因素都能导致其灭活";}}i:41;s:440:"。
如 56℃以上的高温处理 30 分钟、紫外线照射 1 小时等。不过,这些措施对强度和时间都有要求,并不是说开一下暖风空调,晒几分钟太阳就能杀毒。
相比之下,化学物质的影响更为直接,如用肥皂水洗手、0.5%双氧水或 62~71%酒精消毒物品等,可以使病毒 1 分钟内灭活。
由于病毒最主要的感染途径是与眼,口,鼻的粘膜接触,";i:42;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:96:"避免污染物触摸五官,做好手部和公共物品的清洁是以不变应万变的对策";}}i:43;s:14:"。包括:
";i:44;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:4:"list";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:6:"[LIST]";i:1;s:7:"[/LIST]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:354:"
[*]出入公共场所(尤其是厕所)后勤洗手,20~30 秒。推荐用肥皂,免洗洗手液仅作为备用
[*]接触公共场所的物件(电梯按钮、取款机)后,避免用手摸五官
[*]消毒经常触摸的物体表面,如手机,键盘,门把手等
[*]回家后,外衣、外裤、鞋子不要随意摆放
[*]开窗通风
";}}i:45;s:1:"
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气溶胶和接触传播的一些清洁对策(洗手、避免摸眼鼻口、对经常接触的物品消毒、通风) | 作者供图
就目前来说,我们已经取得了阶段性胜利,但疫情尚在持续,我们要 “战略上藐视,战术上重视”:既不必对公共场所的物品草木皆兵,也不能认为戴了口罩就万事大吉。一定要将针对气溶胶和接触传播的防护意识也加入日常习惯中,才能更好地保障自己和他人的健康。
参考资料:
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and SurfaceStability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 17].";i:48;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"i";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[I]";i:1;s:4:"[/I]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"N Engl J Med";}}i:49;s:29:".2020;10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
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