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";i:4;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:27:"我们为什么要睡觉？";}}i:5;s:35:"
从生物演化的角度来说，";i:6;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:49:"只有睡觉，才能拯救你正在断裂的 DNA";}}i:7;s:146:"。
睡眠对于所有拥有神经系统的动物来说都是不可或缺的。但在睡眠时，丧失警惕的动物更容易被捕食，那么";i:8;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:60:"它们为什么即使是冒着死亡的风险也要睡觉？";}}i:9;s:21:"
在一项发表于 ";i:10;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"i";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[I]";i:1;s:4:"[/I]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"Molecular Cell ";}}i:11;s:155:"的新研究中，来自以色列的研究团队在斑马鱼中找到了睡眠的新作用，这也使得我们距离揭开睡眠之谜又近了一步。
";i:12;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f5be5a87214912c91376357fd62d4858_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:13;s:122:"
我们的一个直观感受是，保持清醒状态的时间越长，就越容易困倦、想要睡觉。科学家用「";i:14;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:21:"稳态睡眠压力」";}}i:15;s:354:"来表示动物对睡眠的需求。这种睡眠压力在清醒状态下增加，入睡之后减少。那么，是什么导致睡眠压力增加至临界点，让我们不得不去睡觉；夜间入睡时，这种压力又是怎样减少的？
此前的研究为我们提供了线索——同样在清醒与睡眠状态之间交替的，是机体内的 ";i:16;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:19:"DNA 损伤与修复";}}i:17;s:5:"。
";i:18;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-d0334b1e0583ba7183d3a193f4678a39_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:19;s:23:"
图片来源：123RF
";i:20;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"清醒状态下";}}i:21;s:84:"，受紫外线照射、神经元活动、辐射、氧化应激等因素的影响，";i:22;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:96:"DNA 损伤在包括神经元在内的细胞内积累，这其中就包含了 DNA 双链断裂。";}}i:23;s:409:"如果这样的损伤积累下去，会对机体健康造成严重影响，诱发认知衰退、癌症等疾病。
好在，机体内还有 DNA 修复机制。无论是睡眠还是清醒状态下，每个细胞内的修复系统都在持续修好断裂的 DNA。但在清醒状态下，神经元中的 DNA 损伤依旧持续积累，这会导致损伤积累到危险的水平。这一事实也提醒人们：";i:24;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:66:"起到决定性作用的，或许是睡眠阶段的高效修复。";}}i:25;s:311:"
为了寻找睡眠与 DNA 损伤 / 修复的确切关系，研究团队利用经典模式动物斑马鱼进行了一系列实验。为此，他们通过能导致神经元异常兴奋的药剂，使得斑马鱼保持在清醒状态。随后，他们检测了斑马鱼神经元中 DNA 双链断裂的情况。
";i:26;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-f37f87fb26ecc53be84b1c430630d809_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:27;s:260:"
▲清醒与睡眠阶段的 DNA 断裂与修复示意图（图片来源：Dr. David Zada）
实验结果显示，这时神经元中 DNA 双链断裂显着增多。随着 DNA 损伤的积累，个体对于睡眠的需求也在增加。而到了某个时刻，";i:28;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:103:"DNA 损伤积累达到阈值时，在稳态睡眠压力的诱导下，斑马鱼就进入睡眠状态。";}}i:29;s:234:"
在明确了 DNA 损伤的积累是诱发睡眠的驱动力后，研究者进一步找到了斑马鱼为了减少睡眠压力与 DNA 损伤所需的最短睡眠时间：6 个小时。6 个小时的睡眠足够减轻 DNA 损伤；而";i:30;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:94:"不足 6 小时时，DNA 损伤无法得到修复，这时斑马鱼会在白天继续睡觉。";}}i:31;s:337:"
那么，具体又是哪些分子与神经机制参与了这个过程？这项研究随后进行了深入的探讨。
研究人员通过荧光标记了修复蛋白，发现在睡眠状态下，Rad52 和 Ku80 这两种修复蛋白在神经元中积累，帮助机体在无意识间修复损伤。
随后的研究发现，一种名为 ";i:32;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:6:"PARP1 ";}}i:33;s:258:"的蛋白质在相关神经机制中扮演者关键角色。作为 DNA 损伤修复系统的一部分，PARP1 是最早响应的蛋白质之一。它标记了细胞中 DNA 损伤的位置，并召集所有相关系统来清除损伤。与 DNA 损伤一样，";i:34;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:87:"PARP1 在断裂位点聚集的情况在清醒时更多见；睡眠时则较为减少。";}}i:35;s:96:"
研究团队在控制斑马鱼过量表达 PARP1 时，也促进了与睡眠相关的修复；";i:36;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:135:"相反，抑制 PARP1 则关闭了进行 DNA 修复的信号，这时斑马鱼根本没有意识到自己困了，也不会去睡觉。";}}i:37;s:156:"在随后的研究中，这支团队还对小鼠进行了实验，发现 PARP1 起到类似的效果。这也进一步证实了在斑马鱼中的发现。
";i:38;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-e80e5fc45a0b5acfafda9f1d0175f93d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:39;s:387:"
▲睡眠时 DNA 修复示意图
这项研究的通讯作者，以色列巴伊兰大学的 Lior Appelbaum 教授表示：「PARP1 到达特定的阈值时，会驱使个体去睡觉，同时告诉大脑：你需要睡觉了。否则，你会积累过量的 DNA 损伤。」Appelbaum 教授指出，了解 PARP1 如何明确对于睡眠的需求，是研究团队的下一个目标。
";i:40;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"为什么动物不睡觉就会死？";}}i:41;s:110:"
尽管我们都知道睡眠是如此重要，关于睡眠的一个终极问题却始终没有得到回答：";i:42;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"为什么动物不睡觉就会死？";}}i:43;s:127:"
顶尖学术期刊《细胞》发表的一篇来自哈佛大学医学院的重量级研究，回答了这个未解之谜。
";i:44;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-2780035d916a6d7ce30c8c39ed5b150b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:45;s:119:"
为了研究睡眠会对动物产生怎样的影响，科学家们先是使用了果蝇作为模型。他们发现，";i:46;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:152:"严重睡眠不足，也会导致果蝇的猝死。正常环境下，果蝇能活约 40 天。而一旦剥夺睡眠，它们就只能活 20 天左右。";}}i:47;s:20:"
有意思的是，";i:48;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:148:"这些果蝇在「困死」的前几天，肠道内会积累大量 ROS（活性氧类）分子。相比之下，大脑里反倒没有这种异常。";}}i:49;s:70:"后续研究发现，肠子正是产生这些 ROS 的主要场所。
";i:50;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d2ea4b8358ef5a38210781818d266c0d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:51;s:120:"
▲ROS 会在缺觉的动物肠子里大量累积
这不仅仅是果蝇里才有的现象。研究人员们又发现，";i:52;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:118:"在小鼠身体里，一旦缺乏睡眠，肠道也同样会积累 ROS。这表明哺乳动物拥有同样的机制。";}}i:53;s:487:"
「我们使用了一个无偏倚的方法，在身体内寻找睡眠剥夺造成损伤的种种迹象。我们很惊讶地发现，在（缺乏睡眠）导致的死亡中，肠子扮演了很重要的角色。」本研究的负责人 Dragana Rogulja 教授说道。
肠子里的 ROS 水平升高，和睡眠不足导致的“困死”之间，究竟是怎样一种因果关系呢？为了回答这个问题，研究人员们找到了一系列能够中和 ROS 活性的抗氧化剂。";i:54;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:123:"他们发现，将这些抗氧化剂放进食物里，竟然可以让睡眠不足的果蝇，活到接近正常的水平！";}}i:55;s:2:"
";i:56;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ca05988c107ec9be66aab1e902281586_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:57;s:114:"
▲抗氧化剂能让缺觉的果蝇活得和普通果蝇差不多久
在哈佛医学院的官方新闻稿中，";i:58;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:88:"他们指出褪黑素、硫辛酸、以及 NAD 在清除肠道 ROS 上，特别有效。";}}i:59;s:310:"但值得一提的是，如果果蝇本身不缺觉，这些补充剂就没有额外延长寿命的作用。
为了验证这个结果，研究人员们又通过基因改造的技术，让果蝇的肠道里大量表达抗氧化酶。同样，即便缺少睡眠，这些果蝇也不会过早地「困死」。
";i:60;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:128:"综合这些结果，研究人员们指出，肠道里的 ROS 积累，在缺觉导致的猝死中，扮演了重要的角色。";}}i:61;s:2:"
";i:62;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-468bb948fa1a6b396d373a2018757b55_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:63;s:397:"
▲本研究的图示
当然，我们还有一些问题有待回答。比如我们不知道为何缺觉会让 ROS 在肠子里积累，也不知道积累 ROS 为何会致命。但至少，我们对缺觉的分子机理有了全新的认识。
而对于我们来说，保持充足睡眠的又一个重要原因被揭开了。为了你的 DNA 完整与机体健康，今晚还继续熬夜吗？
";i:64;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"url";s:6:"option";s:40:"https://www.zhihu.com/question/418342231";s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:48:"[URL='https://www.zhihu.com/question/418342231']";i:1;s:6:"[/URL]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"阅读原文";}}}, 1621686945, 1715088327
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